Leadership, Power, and Management

Table of Contents Abstract Introduction Empowering Directive Leadership Approach Comparison and Contrast Conclusion Reference List Abstract This paper provides insight into leadership, power, and management with a view of determining the best approaches to improved employee performance. Most leadership approaches used in modern organizations either promote or hamper employee performance and task proficiency.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Leadership, Power, and Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The modern world has witnessed rigorous dynamism and complexity as employee responsibilities grow less formalized and increasingly difficult to encourage specialization. This paper compares and contrasts two leadership approaches that are prevalent in the twenty-first century with a view of determining the best approach to improved employee performance. Introduction In the wake of digitization owing to the constant technological advancement, the escalation of uncertainty and rapid dynamism in the execution of leadership roles has been inevitable. Organizations face the dilemma of choosing the leadership approach that suits the changing employee behavior appropriately. It is worth noting that leadership behaviors stipulated by the embraced approach have a significant effect on task performance. Leaders play a critical role in ensuring robustness and commitment. The organizational performance mirrors the effectiveness of its management and leadership. Where the performance seems to take a declining trend, it reflects bad organizational leadership and management. Numerous leadership theories have been put forward to analyze the best and worst leadership approaches to organizational success. This paper examines the empowering and directive approaches to determine their effects on employee performance. Empowering The empowering leadership approach entails the sharing of power, work, an d resources amongst the organizational leaders and subordinates by ensuring the provision of additional responsibility and decision-making autonomy. In addition, the leaders also offer support to the employees to promote the attainment of additional tasks (Appelbaum, Karasek, Lapointe, Quelch, 2015). Although the two concepts differ in the breadth of tasks involved, empowering leadership borrows from the delegation that involves the transfer of power. Empowering goes beyond power delegation to encompass a broader scope of behaviors including the expression of confidence and building capability in the employees (Giltinane, 2013).Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Three main perspectives correlate the empowering leadership approach to the employee activity in the workplace. At the outset, the self-determination theory posits that competence and autonomy are necessary ingre dients for the formation of intrinsic motivation (Van Wart, 2013). The supporters of this theory affirm that motivation encourages more complex, creative, and self-directed efforts since the autonomous behaviors are intrinsically rewarding. Besides, they offer personalized satisfaction. As leaders share power and involve employees in decision-making, self-management, and confidence, and motivation, task performance is significantly promoted. Secondly, proactive work behavior is a recent theoretical development that proposes self-efficacy (Northhouse, 2015). The proactive behavior must be supported by power autonomy and supervision (Appelbaum et al., 2015). The third perspective is the empowerment theory that considers the individual teams in different work units. These teams can be empowered to boost motivation at the unit level of performance. Providing a sense of impact, competence, and autonomy boosts the intrinsic motivation as it provokes the employees’ initiative to und ertake more roles (Van Wart, 2013). Empowerment leadership is the most helpful and applicable approach that takes care of employee behavior shifts and interests (Appelbaum et al., 2015). Directive Leadership Approach This approach can be defined using the path-goal theory. It encompasses behaviors that offer employees guidance to the set goals, achievement of strategies, and performance standards (Giltinane, 2013). Directive leaders act by actively monitoring the performance to provide suitable feedback that can include both rewards and penalties. This approach closely relates to the transactional. However, it differs in that the latter does not offer employee guidance. Transactional leadership only focuses on the provision of contingent rewards and punishments to the employees. Directive leadership works best when improving the core organizational tasks that are relatively static and predictable (Martin, Liao, Campbell, 2013). Leaders prescribe the guidelines for the tasks in adva nce. Employees are expected to assume the respective roles as the leaders watch from a distance with little or no active involvement. According to path-goal theorists, directive leaders ensure improved performance through constant monitoring and provision of timely direction to the employees who seem to lag behind (Northhouse, 2015)Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Leadership, Power, and Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Comparison and Contrast Various studies have shown that leadership behavior and styles are strongly linked to the employee performance. The abovementioned leadership approaches have been shown to contrast in terms of the degree of autonomy and power vested in the leaders. For instance, the directive leadership seeks to provide employees with concise guidelines to attain set goals whilst the empowering approach focuses on granting them some degree of power and autonomy to make indep endent decisions (Martin et al., 2013). Secondly, the empowering leadership model involves motivating the employees to assume more roles including the involvement in decision-making. The directive leaders only monitor and guide weak employees towards improved performance. These two leadership approaches have different outcomes regarding task performance and employee activity. The empowering leadership approach achieves motivation and confidence amongst the employees that translates to increased proactive performance (Giltinane, 2013). Conclusion The leadership approaches focus on different methods of influencing the employee performance. In the wake of technological advancement and shifting organizational activities, leaders ought to embrace the best approaches that integrate these changes and needs. The empowering leadership approach can boost the employees’ commitment as leaders grant them autonomy and provide support to additional roles within the organization. Directive l eadership has become outmoded as the mere monitoring of employees does not yield observable results in the long-run. The organization needs to focus on embracing more inclusive leadership approaches that take into account the stakeholder inputs for overall organizational performance. Reference List Appelbaum, S., Karasek, R., Lapointe, F., Quelch, K. (2015). Employee empowerment: factors affecting the consequent success or failure (Part II). Industrial Commercial Training, 47(1), 23. Giltinane, C. (2013). Leadership styles and theories. Nursing Standard, 27(41), 35-39.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Martin, S., Liao, H., Campbell, E. (2013). Directive versus empowering leadership: a field experiment comparing impacts on task proficiency and proactivity. Academy Of Management Journal, 56(5), 1372-1395. Northhouse, P. (2015). Leadership, Theory and Practice. Sage: Thousand Oaks Van Wart, M. (2013). Lessons from Leadership Theory and the Contemporary Challenges of Leaders. Public Administration Review, 73(4), 553-565. This term paper on Leadership, Power, and Management was written and submitted by user Rumiko Fujikawa to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Silence of the Lambs. Editing. essays

Silence of the Lambs. Editing. essays Anthony Hopkinss role as Hannibal Lector in The Silence of the Lambs is nothing short of grotesque. He gives an absolutely amazing performance playing the role of this deranged, psychiatrist. In fact, he plays the part so well that at times the madmen seems capable of leaping right off the screen and ripping some ones head off of their shoulders. The editing and sound techniques involved in the mise-en-scene gives the audience a taste of the real thing. The movie tells us the tale of a fully-fledged psychopath, in captive, who assists a budding FBI agent named Clarice Starling in finding a serial killer out on the loose. The serial killer happens to be someone known to the prisoner, Hannibal Lector. The movie is based around Lector and Clarice and the tug of war they play with the FBIs hierarchy in order to find this killer, who likes to murder, and scalp plus size women. The scene that we will be analyzing is the one where Lector escapes from his cell. The cell is located within the top floor of a security building. Lectors cell is placed right in the middle of the cavernous hall. However, he still manages to escape after killing the two incompetent guards who were watching him. The scene starts off with the guards from the left of the screen towards the right. One of them is carrying the doctors dinner. The movement of the guards from left to right is based upon a sequence shot. A sequence shot is a shot where no editing of the action takes place. This kind of shot is usually used in documentaries. The next time we see the guards, they are by the door of the cell. But we dont see the camera following them from point A to point B. To condense time, a technique called cutting to continuity is used. That is, we the shot of the guards at point A, and then we see the final shot when they reach point B. Between the two shots, we see another type of editing used in film. It is called...

Economics of Singapore and Hong Kong Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Economics of Singapore and Hong Kong - Essay Example The Asian countries of India, China Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Indonesia, and Malaysia are notable examples NICs and their dramatic successes in economic growth have often been referred to as the East Asian Miracle. Other Asian countries like China and India have also achieved successes in economic growth. The 'economic miracle' of these East Asian countries is however not exclusive to Asia as countries in the Americas like Chile, Brazil and Mexico have also achieved appreciably high growth rates in their economies and could thus be referred to as NICs as well. It must be said though the growth rates vary amongst all the NICs and as such some growths may be relatively higher compared to others in other NICs. Countries like China, India Singapore and Hong Kong however standout of the rest due to the rapid nature of their growth within a space of about 30 years. Also, the use of NICs is a matter of definition and as such a country like South Africa that was largely secluded f rom the international economy due to its apartheid policies may now be categorised as an NIC by some, while others may classify it as a developed country. This essay will first conduct a generalised or panoramic view of the features that underlie the development experiences of NICs before undertaking a closer look at the experiences of selected NICs. It must be said that though the development experiences may be very varied, some common cardinal features can be seen in the experiences of all NICs. Most NICs were able to achieve high growth rates by instituting market reforms that favoured exports. (Hamilton 1987) There was also a strong emphasis on value added manufacturing that changed their economies from predominantly agrarian economies into industrial and manufacturing based economies. Increased capital investments from foreign and domestic sources played a key role in the development experiences of NICs and so did the development of domestic corporations that could compete with other foreign corporations both on the domestic market and on the regional or international markets as well. (Bhagwati, 1996) Typical examples are the automotive, steel and ship building companies of Korea. Political leadership also contributed significantly to the high growths in the economies of NICs. As stated earlier, though the 'authoritarian' thesis is a disputed one, the fact that relative political stability pertained in the countries that recorded significant growths in their economies goe s to show that political leadership played a crucial role in the development experience of NICs (Combie, 2000). The next segment of this essay will undertake a closer look at economies of Hong Kong and Singapore."Singapore, a leading trading power and financial centre, is one of the quintets of trillion dollar economies of Asia. Over the past two decades, the government has been kept minimum. Still the Government bodies such as sovereign wealth fund Temasek control corporations responsible for 60% of GDP. The distinguishing characteristic of Singapore's Economy is the low level of corruption, stable prices one of the highest per capita gross domestic products (GDP) in the world. The country has open business environment and one of the

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 13

Strategic management - Essay Example British Airways is part of the International Airline Group (IAG) which is incorporated in Spain and has in its portfolio Iberian Airlines (Gray and Gray, 2011). British Airways however remains an entity that the British government has significant investments in and a strong influence within (Gray and Gray, 2011). The slogans of British Airways include â€Å"To Fly, To Serve† and â€Å"The World’s Favorite Airline; Upgrade to British Airways† (Gray and Gray, 2011). British Airways is positioned as a premium airline that targets the upper middle and the middle class members of societies (Barrett, 2010). They therefore offer premium services that targets young and old professionals, business executives and managers. These are operation are launched and conducted in richer and upmarket sections of societies around the world. The airline also seeks to target passengers who prefer comfort and reliable services (Barrett, 2010). They have corporate customers and seek to acquire premium service seekers who want a flying experience that includes a high degree of comfort and convenience. British Airways is therefore seen as a premium and executive airline brand. British Airways, being a premium entity has some strengths. This includes the fact that they have the backing of the British government. They have a strong brand and a major presence in different parts of the world. The link of the airline to Britain and the United Kingdom gives BA a strong history that is tied to the old British Empire (Vaughan, 2012). Due to this, the airline continues to flourish and gain roots around the world (Vaughan, 2012). With British Airways’ position in Heathrow Terminal 5 as an entrenched and inalienable possession, the airline has the capability of expanding and reaching different parts of the world. It also has the competency to go into the growing markets of the Asian Pacific

Higher Incidence of Diabetes Among the American Indians and Alaskan Essay

Higher Incidence of Diabetes Among the American Indians and Alaskan Natives - Essay Example Although the exact cause of this finding may vary from one case to another, it appears that genetic differences and racial or ethnic differences play a major role in this regard. Diabetes is affecting the lives of certain groups of the American population in a disproportionate manner and is, therefore, resulting in a number of health-related, social and financial problems; not only for the individuals suffering from the disease but also for those who are directly or indirectly involved with the patients. Diabetes is relatively more common among the American Indians and Alaskan Natives (Joslin and Kahn 514). The exact cause of why this disease affects these populations disproportionately is as yet unknown. With the passage of time, this disease is becoming more and more common among the people of young age belonging to these races and ethnicities. The prevalence of the diabetic disease is three times higher in American Indians and Alaskan Natives as compared to other American adults of similar ages. It is therefore essential to take corrective actions regarding prevention of diabetes in this population. As compared to other minorities, American Indian and Alaskan natives are extremely small in number and the term is used to refer to individuals having origins in the original people of South America and other people of the North that maintain tribal affiliation. The largest population of American Indians and Alaskan natives resides in California, Oklahoma, Arizona, Texas, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Washington, Alaska, and Michigan. Alaskan villages harbor the majority of Alaskan natives (Shinagawa & Jang 98).

Reflective Employability Skills Assignment

Reflective Employability Skills Assignment Introduction With the rapid development of society, the competitions between companies are also increasing, what the employer want for the graduates are not only focus on the degree but pay more attention to their employability skills. In order to win their competitors in the fierce competition, employers want graduates who have a wide range of skills to bring to the work environment and need the employees with multi-skilled to fulfil many different roles. (Foster, 1998, p.4). So graduates who coming into the workforce must have the skills needed by employers. With the purpose of making ourselves become more competitive in the future job market first we should find out what the employability skills the employer want for graduates, then according to the employability skills do the personal SWOT analysis and make an action plan to improve ourselves. Discussion of employability skills What skills do employers want? Employability skills are defined as skills required not only to gain employment, but also to progress within an enterprise so as to achieve ones potential and contribute successfully to enterprise strategic directions. (DEST 2002a) Today, despite the degree, companies are paying more attention to the employability skills of the graduates, but there is no uniform standard of employability skills. What employability skills the graduates should have are depend on companys actual operating conditions and different companies have different standards. Through a wide range of literature research, the result of what the employability skills needed by companies are almost the same, and can be roughly divided into the following eight basic skills: Communication skills, Teamwork skills, Problem solving skills , Self management skills, Planning and organizing skills, Technology skills, Life-long learning skills and Initiative and enterprise skills. (MONASH, nd) Why do companies want these skills? Communication skills The CIPDs views are based on the latest CIPD/KPMG quarterly Labor Market Outlook, a survey of over 1,400 UK employers, the key attributes employers look for in school leaver recruits are communication skills (40% of employers rank this in their top three required attributes), work ethic (39%) and personality (32%). (CIPD,2006) .Communication happens all the time in the workplace, having effective communication skills can make us have a good relationship with colleagues and superiors ,thus can create a good working environment and help us complete the work more efficiently. Whats more , have good communication skills not only can make the existing customers become more satisfy with the products and services provided by our company but also can attract more clients cooperate with us . Teamwork skills In Todays society, only have the individual working ability is not enough, more and more works need a group of people to complete together .Work in groups can speed up the progress of work and also through brainstorming to create a better idea of the company Problem solving skills In this competitive world, companies will faced various problems at any time, solving the problem successfully enable the company ride out the storm or it will fail. Self-management skills Companies also need graduates have self-management skills to complete the work alone or almost alone, without the need for someone to stand over the employees constantly and tell them want to do.à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ Foster, 1998, p.14à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °. Planning and organizing skills Employers need graduates to make plans and organize the limited sources to achieve both short and long-term goals of company. Technology skills In the technological age, technology skills become increasingly important, company need employees proficiency in using computers and telecommunications systems, understanding current trends and developments managing information through technology. Life-long learning skills In order to make the company development sustainably, only require employee continuous learning can let the company keep pace with this rapid-developing society, and employees who have the life-long learning skills can also bring benefits to the company. Initiative and enterprise skills Employees recruited by the company are all with multi-skilled, the company may frequent transfer their employees to different departments and to take different roles within a company. (Heather and Peter, 2006, p.2) .So this require the employee have the initiative and enterprise skills to adjust themselves easily to new situations and can take the job quickly. Personal SWOT Analysis After identify the employability skills that needed by companies, I make a personal SWOT analysis based on actual experience and self assessment test through the internet. (S)trengths I have good team work and organizing skills. According to the results of my self assessment test, I have a great mark in humanistic-encouraging and affiliative. (See Appendix 1) In the group work I can build on ideas with other members and as team leader I usually will make plans to allocate tasks to the group members to make sure everyone enjoys the tasks they are assigned to. I am good at Self management. I can management my time well and get thing done without being pushed. Usually I will write down the things what I need to do and sort them out according to the importance and the time sequence. After that I will write them to the calendar so that I can know clearly what and when should I do next I do well in learning. I willing to put in time and effort to learn new skills. As a student, beside the major I also join the free English class and the Assessment Centres mini module to improve myself. I have technology skills. I am not only having the basic computer skills but also can use specialised software packages. Since I have learned the business decision modelling in my first year and now I also learning the applied management and decision modelling, all of them need to use the specialised software packages so I learned how to use them in the course. (W)eaknesses I have no employment experience, even the part-time job experience. I am weak in problem solving; when I face problems usually I can not see all sides of them and can not provide good solution of them. My Communication skills are weak. I am an introvert (result in appendix 1) and I am not good at communicate with others .I feel shy when I talking to strangers. (O)pportunities I can find a part-time job through the future of our school to learn new skills to enhance my CV. I am more employable than others if I get work experience in UK. 65% of international employers indicates that they are more willing to employ They are more willing to recruit graduates with overseas work experience (Archer and Davison, 2008.). I have an opportunity to get a good job if I return to China after I graduate. China is widely expected to become the worlds largest human capital market in the future, requiring an explosive number of talented professionals. Companies seeking to hire Mainland Chinese returnees: born and raised in China, studied/worked in the U.S. or Europe and then returned to China. They offer international experience, plus language and cultural skills but are in short supply (Davy, Lau). I can enjoy a variety of preferential policies for overseas student which provided by the Chinese government if I back to China. (T)hreats In recent years, explosive growth trends of Chinese overseas students choose to return home which will increase the competition of getting jobs in China. Employment pressure both in China and UK. not only Chinese graduates for job-hunting with anxiety, graduates of British also face the same problem. The jobs shortage was blamed on a substantial backlog in the number of jobless graduates from previous years creating additional pressure on the employment market in 2010. (Articlesbase,2010). Personal Action Plan After I finished the personal SWOT analysis, according to my own situation I make an action plan base on SMART Skill to be improved Communication skills: Specific Actions: Participating in the activities that organized by school community orinvolvingin the school communitydirectly. Make a lot of friends. Take the initiative in making acquaintances. Do not feel nervous when talking to strangers Next month Take the mini module about communication that provided by the future in our school Presenting and participating in class discussions Semester 2 Measure: Through the IELTS test to improve my English speaking, writing, reading and listening skills. Take the IELTS test Target date:  Christmas  holidays Problem solving skills Specific Actions: Apply for the volunteer opportunities provide by the futureHelping people solve problem while improving my problem solving skills. Become a volunteer Semester 2 Measure: Analysis the requirements of school assignments Meet the assignment requirements of teachers Target date:  Deadline of  assignments Initiative and enterprise skills Specific Actions:  Find part-time jobs in our school or become a volunteer Get part-time jobs, become a volunteer Measure:  Semester 2 Become a trainee of a company  for 1-2week Work in a company as a trainee Target date:  Christmas holidays Teamwork skills Specific Actions:  Working on group assignments Measure:  Do the Group work assignments Target date:  Deadline of group  assignments Planning and organisation skills Specific Actions:  Arranging study and daily lives at university Measure:  Make plans everyday and do thing according to plans Target date:  Everyday Self-management skills Summing up the  gaps in skills and knowledge Specific Actions:  Do self-reflection whenteachers give assignment feedback Target date:  At the end of semester 1 Learning skills Learning new skills that needed by employers Specific Actions:  Attend courses and finish courses Target date:  Semester 2 Technology skills Specific Actions:  Learn something about Photoshop or database. Participate the relevant courses Target date:  During semester 2 Conclusion There is no doubt that employees who having a good degree will gain an excellent starting point, since a good degree helps employees open the door of finding a job, however, a degree alone is not enough, employers want much more from their graduate employees, they want employees can bring benefits to the company and let the company in an invincible position during the fierce competition. Through extensive research I summed up eight kinds of employability skills that most needed by companies. And I made a personal SWOT analysis based on employability skills and self assessment test through the internet and actual experience which made me become more aware of myself. After that I made an action plan for myself. Ill stick to the plan and I hope that it would help me improve my employability skills after I finish it .And get a good job in the competitive job market after I graduate.

Essay --

Succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC) is a non-cleavable and membrane permeable crosslinker. It contains an amine-reactive N -hydroxysuccinimide (NHS ester) and a sulfhydryl-reactive maleimide group. NHS esters react with primary amines at pH 7-9 to form stable amide bonds. Maleimides react with sulfhydryl groups at pH 6.5-7.5 to form stable thioether bonds The staining procedure starts by placing the slides in a slide rack, immersed in a staining dish containing PBS and incubated for 5 min. PBS was removed from slides by tipping the slides and allowing the PBS solution to drip out. Residual PBS around the samples was also removed by gently absorbing the solution with Kim wipes without contaminating and damaging the samples. Diluted antibody solution (1/10 v/v in PBS) were directly inoculated to the regions encircled with wax pen and incubated for one hour without letting the sections dry. The slides were washed in PBS solution for 10 min. This step was triplicated. One drop of prolong) media as an antifading agent was applied to each section and covered with a coverslip to preserve the QDs from photobleaching during fluorescence microscopy experiments. The edges of the coverslips were sealed with nail polish to prevent drying. Slides were placed in a dark room and we waited until the nail polish dries at room temperature for 12 hours. They were kept for another 12 hours at 4  ºC in a refrigerator.A confocal laser scanning microscope (Zeiss LSM 710, Carl Zeiss Micro imaging GmbH, Germany) was used to visualize dough sample microstructure. Starch granules were identified by simple polarized light .The excitation wavelengths of the QDs were 405 nm for the reflection and 615 nm for the fluoresce... ...mages of are illustrated in figure for†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. The results showed that antibody-quantum dots conjugates successfully diffused into the 3D matrix and were bound to gliadins. Distribution and location of gliadin at different focal planes in each section were found to show similar patterns for a given mixing time. Gliadins were evenly dispersed in dough sections and typically localized in the center of the sections. This supports the observation and hypothesis that the mobility of gliadin due to its lower viscosity enables gliadin to diffuse to the inner sections of the dough along with all other parts of the sample. Intensities of gliadins at top and bottom stacks were relatively low compared to ones located at center. It might be because of optical sectioning of starch molecules found at top and bottom surfaces of sections play a dominant part in the imaging process.