Leadership, Power, and Management

Table of Contents Abstract Introduction Empowering Directive Leadership Approach Comparison and Contrast Conclusion Reference List Abstract This paper provides insight into leadership, power, and management with a view of determining the best approaches to improved employee performance. Most leadership approaches used in modern organizations either promote or hamper employee performance and task proficiency.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Leadership, Power, and Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The modern world has witnessed rigorous dynamism and complexity as employee responsibilities grow less formalized and increasingly difficult to encourage specialization. This paper compares and contrasts two leadership approaches that are prevalent in the twenty-first century with a view of determining the best approach to improved employee performance. Introduction In the wake of digitization owing to the constant technological advancement, the escalation of uncertainty and rapid dynamism in the execution of leadership roles has been inevitable. Organizations face the dilemma of choosing the leadership approach that suits the changing employee behavior appropriately. It is worth noting that leadership behaviors stipulated by the embraced approach have a significant effect on task performance. Leaders play a critical role in ensuring robustness and commitment. The organizational performance mirrors the effectiveness of its management and leadership. Where the performance seems to take a declining trend, it reflects bad organizational leadership and management. Numerous leadership theories have been put forward to analyze the best and worst leadership approaches to organizational success. This paper examines the empowering and directive approaches to determine their effects on employee performance. Empowering The empowering leadership approach entails the sharing of power, work, an d resources amongst the organizational leaders and subordinates by ensuring the provision of additional responsibility and decision-making autonomy. In addition, the leaders also offer support to the employees to promote the attainment of additional tasks (Appelbaum, Karasek, Lapointe, Quelch, 2015). Although the two concepts differ in the breadth of tasks involved, empowering leadership borrows from the delegation that involves the transfer of power. Empowering goes beyond power delegation to encompass a broader scope of behaviors including the expression of confidence and building capability in the employees (Giltinane, 2013).Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Three main perspectives correlate the empowering leadership approach to the employee activity in the workplace. At the outset, the self-determination theory posits that competence and autonomy are necessary ingre dients for the formation of intrinsic motivation (Van Wart, 2013). The supporters of this theory affirm that motivation encourages more complex, creative, and self-directed efforts since the autonomous behaviors are intrinsically rewarding. Besides, they offer personalized satisfaction. As leaders share power and involve employees in decision-making, self-management, and confidence, and motivation, task performance is significantly promoted. Secondly, proactive work behavior is a recent theoretical development that proposes self-efficacy (Northhouse, 2015). The proactive behavior must be supported by power autonomy and supervision (Appelbaum et al., 2015). The third perspective is the empowerment theory that considers the individual teams in different work units. These teams can be empowered to boost motivation at the unit level of performance. Providing a sense of impact, competence, and autonomy boosts the intrinsic motivation as it provokes the employees’ initiative to und ertake more roles (Van Wart, 2013). Empowerment leadership is the most helpful and applicable approach that takes care of employee behavior shifts and interests (Appelbaum et al., 2015). Directive Leadership Approach This approach can be defined using the path-goal theory. It encompasses behaviors that offer employees guidance to the set goals, achievement of strategies, and performance standards (Giltinane, 2013). Directive leaders act by actively monitoring the performance to provide suitable feedback that can include both rewards and penalties. This approach closely relates to the transactional. However, it differs in that the latter does not offer employee guidance. Transactional leadership only focuses on the provision of contingent rewards and punishments to the employees. Directive leadership works best when improving the core organizational tasks that are relatively static and predictable (Martin, Liao, Campbell, 2013). Leaders prescribe the guidelines for the tasks in adva nce. Employees are expected to assume the respective roles as the leaders watch from a distance with little or no active involvement. According to path-goal theorists, directive leaders ensure improved performance through constant monitoring and provision of timely direction to the employees who seem to lag behind (Northhouse, 2015)Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Leadership, Power, and Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Comparison and Contrast Various studies have shown that leadership behavior and styles are strongly linked to the employee performance. The abovementioned leadership approaches have been shown to contrast in terms of the degree of autonomy and power vested in the leaders. For instance, the directive leadership seeks to provide employees with concise guidelines to attain set goals whilst the empowering approach focuses on granting them some degree of power and autonomy to make indep endent decisions (Martin et al., 2013). Secondly, the empowering leadership model involves motivating the employees to assume more roles including the involvement in decision-making. The directive leaders only monitor and guide weak employees towards improved performance. These two leadership approaches have different outcomes regarding task performance and employee activity. The empowering leadership approach achieves motivation and confidence amongst the employees that translates to increased proactive performance (Giltinane, 2013). Conclusion The leadership approaches focus on different methods of influencing the employee performance. In the wake of technological advancement and shifting organizational activities, leaders ought to embrace the best approaches that integrate these changes and needs. The empowering leadership approach can boost the employees’ commitment as leaders grant them autonomy and provide support to additional roles within the organization. Directive l eadership has become outmoded as the mere monitoring of employees does not yield observable results in the long-run. The organization needs to focus on embracing more inclusive leadership approaches that take into account the stakeholder inputs for overall organizational performance. Reference List Appelbaum, S., Karasek, R., Lapointe, F., Quelch, K. (2015). Employee empowerment: factors affecting the consequent success or failure (Part II). Industrial Commercial Training, 47(1), 23. Giltinane, C. (2013). Leadership styles and theories. Nursing Standard, 27(41), 35-39.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Martin, S., Liao, H., Campbell, E. (2013). Directive versus empowering leadership: a field experiment comparing impacts on task proficiency and proactivity. Academy Of Management Journal, 56(5), 1372-1395. Northhouse, P. (2015). Leadership, Theory and Practice. Sage: Thousand Oaks Van Wart, M. (2013). Lessons from Leadership Theory and the Contemporary Challenges of Leaders. Public Administration Review, 73(4), 553-565. This term paper on Leadership, Power, and Management was written and submitted by user Rumiko Fujikawa to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Silence of the Lambs. Editing. essays

Silence of the Lambs. Editing. essays Anthony Hopkinss role as Hannibal Lector in The Silence of the Lambs is nothing short of grotesque. He gives an absolutely amazing performance playing the role of this deranged, psychiatrist. In fact, he plays the part so well that at times the madmen seems capable of leaping right off the screen and ripping some ones head off of their shoulders. The editing and sound techniques involved in the mise-en-scene gives the audience a taste of the real thing. The movie tells us the tale of a fully-fledged psychopath, in captive, who assists a budding FBI agent named Clarice Starling in finding a serial killer out on the loose. The serial killer happens to be someone known to the prisoner, Hannibal Lector. The movie is based around Lector and Clarice and the tug of war they play with the FBIs hierarchy in order to find this killer, who likes to murder, and scalp plus size women. The scene that we will be analyzing is the one where Lector escapes from his cell. The cell is located within the top floor of a security building. Lectors cell is placed right in the middle of the cavernous hall. However, he still manages to escape after killing the two incompetent guards who were watching him. The scene starts off with the guards from the left of the screen towards the right. One of them is carrying the doctors dinner. The movement of the guards from left to right is based upon a sequence shot. A sequence shot is a shot where no editing of the action takes place. This kind of shot is usually used in documentaries. The next time we see the guards, they are by the door of the cell. But we dont see the camera following them from point A to point B. To condense time, a technique called cutting to continuity is used. That is, we the shot of the guards at point A, and then we see the final shot when they reach point B. Between the two shots, we see another type of editing used in film. It is called...

Economics of Singapore and Hong Kong Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Economics of Singapore and Hong Kong - Essay Example The Asian countries of India, China Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Indonesia, and Malaysia are notable examples NICs and their dramatic successes in economic growth have often been referred to as the East Asian Miracle. Other Asian countries like China and India have also achieved successes in economic growth. The 'economic miracle' of these East Asian countries is however not exclusive to Asia as countries in the Americas like Chile, Brazil and Mexico have also achieved appreciably high growth rates in their economies and could thus be referred to as NICs as well. It must be said though the growth rates vary amongst all the NICs and as such some growths may be relatively higher compared to others in other NICs. Countries like China, India Singapore and Hong Kong however standout of the rest due to the rapid nature of their growth within a space of about 30 years. Also, the use of NICs is a matter of definition and as such a country like South Africa that was largely secluded f rom the international economy due to its apartheid policies may now be categorised as an NIC by some, while others may classify it as a developed country. This essay will first conduct a generalised or panoramic view of the features that underlie the development experiences of NICs before undertaking a closer look at the experiences of selected NICs. It must be said that though the development experiences may be very varied, some common cardinal features can be seen in the experiences of all NICs. Most NICs were able to achieve high growth rates by instituting market reforms that favoured exports. (Hamilton 1987) There was also a strong emphasis on value added manufacturing that changed their economies from predominantly agrarian economies into industrial and manufacturing based economies. Increased capital investments from foreign and domestic sources played a key role in the development experiences of NICs and so did the development of domestic corporations that could compete with other foreign corporations both on the domestic market and on the regional or international markets as well. (Bhagwati, 1996) Typical examples are the automotive, steel and ship building companies of Korea. Political leadership also contributed significantly to the high growths in the economies of NICs. As stated earlier, though the 'authoritarian' thesis is a disputed one, the fact that relative political stability pertained in the countries that recorded significant growths in their economies goe s to show that political leadership played a crucial role in the development experience of NICs (Combie, 2000). The next segment of this essay will undertake a closer look at economies of Hong Kong and Singapore."Singapore, a leading trading power and financial centre, is one of the quintets of trillion dollar economies of Asia. Over the past two decades, the government has been kept minimum. Still the Government bodies such as sovereign wealth fund Temasek control corporations responsible for 60% of GDP. The distinguishing characteristic of Singapore's Economy is the low level of corruption, stable prices one of the highest per capita gross domestic products (GDP) in the world. The country has open business environment and one of the

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 13

Strategic management - Essay Example British Airways is part of the International Airline Group (IAG) which is incorporated in Spain and has in its portfolio Iberian Airlines (Gray and Gray, 2011). British Airways however remains an entity that the British government has significant investments in and a strong influence within (Gray and Gray, 2011). The slogans of British Airways include â€Å"To Fly, To Serve† and â€Å"The World’s Favorite Airline; Upgrade to British Airways† (Gray and Gray, 2011). British Airways is positioned as a premium airline that targets the upper middle and the middle class members of societies (Barrett, 2010). They therefore offer premium services that targets young and old professionals, business executives and managers. These are operation are launched and conducted in richer and upmarket sections of societies around the world. The airline also seeks to target passengers who prefer comfort and reliable services (Barrett, 2010). They have corporate customers and seek to acquire premium service seekers who want a flying experience that includes a high degree of comfort and convenience. British Airways is therefore seen as a premium and executive airline brand. British Airways, being a premium entity has some strengths. This includes the fact that they have the backing of the British government. They have a strong brand and a major presence in different parts of the world. The link of the airline to Britain and the United Kingdom gives BA a strong history that is tied to the old British Empire (Vaughan, 2012). Due to this, the airline continues to flourish and gain roots around the world (Vaughan, 2012). With British Airways’ position in Heathrow Terminal 5 as an entrenched and inalienable possession, the airline has the capability of expanding and reaching different parts of the world. It also has the competency to go into the growing markets of the Asian Pacific

Higher Incidence of Diabetes Among the American Indians and Alaskan Essay

Higher Incidence of Diabetes Among the American Indians and Alaskan Natives - Essay Example Although the exact cause of this finding may vary from one case to another, it appears that genetic differences and racial or ethnic differences play a major role in this regard. Diabetes is affecting the lives of certain groups of the American population in a disproportionate manner and is, therefore, resulting in a number of health-related, social and financial problems; not only for the individuals suffering from the disease but also for those who are directly or indirectly involved with the patients. Diabetes is relatively more common among the American Indians and Alaskan Natives (Joslin and Kahn 514). The exact cause of why this disease affects these populations disproportionately is as yet unknown. With the passage of time, this disease is becoming more and more common among the people of young age belonging to these races and ethnicities. The prevalence of the diabetic disease is three times higher in American Indians and Alaskan Natives as compared to other American adults of similar ages. It is therefore essential to take corrective actions regarding prevention of diabetes in this population. As compared to other minorities, American Indian and Alaskan natives are extremely small in number and the term is used to refer to individuals having origins in the original people of South America and other people of the North that maintain tribal affiliation. The largest population of American Indians and Alaskan natives resides in California, Oklahoma, Arizona, Texas, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Washington, Alaska, and Michigan. Alaskan villages harbor the majority of Alaskan natives (Shinagawa & Jang 98).

Reflective Employability Skills Assignment

Reflective Employability Skills Assignment Introduction With the rapid development of society, the competitions between companies are also increasing, what the employer want for the graduates are not only focus on the degree but pay more attention to their employability skills. In order to win their competitors in the fierce competition, employers want graduates who have a wide range of skills to bring to the work environment and need the employees with multi-skilled to fulfil many different roles. (Foster, 1998, p.4). So graduates who coming into the workforce must have the skills needed by employers. With the purpose of making ourselves become more competitive in the future job market first we should find out what the employability skills the employer want for graduates, then according to the employability skills do the personal SWOT analysis and make an action plan to improve ourselves. Discussion of employability skills What skills do employers want? Employability skills are defined as skills required not only to gain employment, but also to progress within an enterprise so as to achieve ones potential and contribute successfully to enterprise strategic directions. (DEST 2002a) Today, despite the degree, companies are paying more attention to the employability skills of the graduates, but there is no uniform standard of employability skills. What employability skills the graduates should have are depend on companys actual operating conditions and different companies have different standards. Through a wide range of literature research, the result of what the employability skills needed by companies are almost the same, and can be roughly divided into the following eight basic skills: Communication skills, Teamwork skills, Problem solving skills , Self management skills, Planning and organizing skills, Technology skills, Life-long learning skills and Initiative and enterprise skills. (MONASH, nd) Why do companies want these skills? Communication skills The CIPDs views are based on the latest CIPD/KPMG quarterly Labor Market Outlook, a survey of over 1,400 UK employers, the key attributes employers look for in school leaver recruits are communication skills (40% of employers rank this in their top three required attributes), work ethic (39%) and personality (32%). (CIPD,2006) .Communication happens all the time in the workplace, having effective communication skills can make us have a good relationship with colleagues and superiors ,thus can create a good working environment and help us complete the work more efficiently. Whats more , have good communication skills not only can make the existing customers become more satisfy with the products and services provided by our company but also can attract more clients cooperate with us . Teamwork skills In Todays society, only have the individual working ability is not enough, more and more works need a group of people to complete together .Work in groups can speed up the progress of work and also through brainstorming to create a better idea of the company Problem solving skills In this competitive world, companies will faced various problems at any time, solving the problem successfully enable the company ride out the storm or it will fail. Self-management skills Companies also need graduates have self-management skills to complete the work alone or almost alone, without the need for someone to stand over the employees constantly and tell them want to do.à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ Foster, 1998, p.14à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °. Planning and organizing skills Employers need graduates to make plans and organize the limited sources to achieve both short and long-term goals of company. Technology skills In the technological age, technology skills become increasingly important, company need employees proficiency in using computers and telecommunications systems, understanding current trends and developments managing information through technology. Life-long learning skills In order to make the company development sustainably, only require employee continuous learning can let the company keep pace with this rapid-developing society, and employees who have the life-long learning skills can also bring benefits to the company. Initiative and enterprise skills Employees recruited by the company are all with multi-skilled, the company may frequent transfer their employees to different departments and to take different roles within a company. (Heather and Peter, 2006, p.2) .So this require the employee have the initiative and enterprise skills to adjust themselves easily to new situations and can take the job quickly. Personal SWOT Analysis After identify the employability skills that needed by companies, I make a personal SWOT analysis based on actual experience and self assessment test through the internet. (S)trengths I have good team work and organizing skills. According to the results of my self assessment test, I have a great mark in humanistic-encouraging and affiliative. (See Appendix 1) In the group work I can build on ideas with other members and as team leader I usually will make plans to allocate tasks to the group members to make sure everyone enjoys the tasks they are assigned to. I am good at Self management. I can management my time well and get thing done without being pushed. Usually I will write down the things what I need to do and sort them out according to the importance and the time sequence. After that I will write them to the calendar so that I can know clearly what and when should I do next I do well in learning. I willing to put in time and effort to learn new skills. As a student, beside the major I also join the free English class and the Assessment Centres mini module to improve myself. I have technology skills. I am not only having the basic computer skills but also can use specialised software packages. Since I have learned the business decision modelling in my first year and now I also learning the applied management and decision modelling, all of them need to use the specialised software packages so I learned how to use them in the course. (W)eaknesses I have no employment experience, even the part-time job experience. I am weak in problem solving; when I face problems usually I can not see all sides of them and can not provide good solution of them. My Communication skills are weak. I am an introvert (result in appendix 1) and I am not good at communicate with others .I feel shy when I talking to strangers. (O)pportunities I can find a part-time job through the future of our school to learn new skills to enhance my CV. I am more employable than others if I get work experience in UK. 65% of international employers indicates that they are more willing to employ They are more willing to recruit graduates with overseas work experience (Archer and Davison, 2008.). I have an opportunity to get a good job if I return to China after I graduate. China is widely expected to become the worlds largest human capital market in the future, requiring an explosive number of talented professionals. Companies seeking to hire Mainland Chinese returnees: born and raised in China, studied/worked in the U.S. or Europe and then returned to China. They offer international experience, plus language and cultural skills but are in short supply (Davy, Lau). I can enjoy a variety of preferential policies for overseas student which provided by the Chinese government if I back to China. (T)hreats In recent years, explosive growth trends of Chinese overseas students choose to return home which will increase the competition of getting jobs in China. Employment pressure both in China and UK. not only Chinese graduates for job-hunting with anxiety, graduates of British also face the same problem. The jobs shortage was blamed on a substantial backlog in the number of jobless graduates from previous years creating additional pressure on the employment market in 2010. (Articlesbase,2010). Personal Action Plan After I finished the personal SWOT analysis, according to my own situation I make an action plan base on SMART Skill to be improved Communication skills: Specific Actions: Participating in the activities that organized by school community orinvolvingin the school communitydirectly. Make a lot of friends. Take the initiative in making acquaintances. Do not feel nervous when talking to strangers Next month Take the mini module about communication that provided by the future in our school Presenting and participating in class discussions Semester 2 Measure: Through the IELTS test to improve my English speaking, writing, reading and listening skills. Take the IELTS test Target date:  Christmas  holidays Problem solving skills Specific Actions: Apply for the volunteer opportunities provide by the futureHelping people solve problem while improving my problem solving skills. Become a volunteer Semester 2 Measure: Analysis the requirements of school assignments Meet the assignment requirements of teachers Target date:  Deadline of  assignments Initiative and enterprise skills Specific Actions:  Find part-time jobs in our school or become a volunteer Get part-time jobs, become a volunteer Measure:  Semester 2 Become a trainee of a company  for 1-2week Work in a company as a trainee Target date:  Christmas holidays Teamwork skills Specific Actions:  Working on group assignments Measure:  Do the Group work assignments Target date:  Deadline of group  assignments Planning and organisation skills Specific Actions:  Arranging study and daily lives at university Measure:  Make plans everyday and do thing according to plans Target date:  Everyday Self-management skills Summing up the  gaps in skills and knowledge Specific Actions:  Do self-reflection whenteachers give assignment feedback Target date:  At the end of semester 1 Learning skills Learning new skills that needed by employers Specific Actions:  Attend courses and finish courses Target date:  Semester 2 Technology skills Specific Actions:  Learn something about Photoshop or database. Participate the relevant courses Target date:  During semester 2 Conclusion There is no doubt that employees who having a good degree will gain an excellent starting point, since a good degree helps employees open the door of finding a job, however, a degree alone is not enough, employers want much more from their graduate employees, they want employees can bring benefits to the company and let the company in an invincible position during the fierce competition. Through extensive research I summed up eight kinds of employability skills that most needed by companies. And I made a personal SWOT analysis based on employability skills and self assessment test through the internet and actual experience which made me become more aware of myself. After that I made an action plan for myself. Ill stick to the plan and I hope that it would help me improve my employability skills after I finish it .And get a good job in the competitive job market after I graduate.

Essay --

Succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC) is a non-cleavable and membrane permeable crosslinker. It contains an amine-reactive N -hydroxysuccinimide (NHS ester) and a sulfhydryl-reactive maleimide group. NHS esters react with primary amines at pH 7-9 to form stable amide bonds. Maleimides react with sulfhydryl groups at pH 6.5-7.5 to form stable thioether bonds The staining procedure starts by placing the slides in a slide rack, immersed in a staining dish containing PBS and incubated for 5 min. PBS was removed from slides by tipping the slides and allowing the PBS solution to drip out. Residual PBS around the samples was also removed by gently absorbing the solution with Kim wipes without contaminating and damaging the samples. Diluted antibody solution (1/10 v/v in PBS) were directly inoculated to the regions encircled with wax pen and incubated for one hour without letting the sections dry. The slides were washed in PBS solution for 10 min. This step was triplicated. One drop of prolong) media as an antifading agent was applied to each section and covered with a coverslip to preserve the QDs from photobleaching during fluorescence microscopy experiments. The edges of the coverslips were sealed with nail polish to prevent drying. Slides were placed in a dark room and we waited until the nail polish dries at room temperature for 12 hours. They were kept for another 12 hours at 4  ºC in a refrigerator.A confocal laser scanning microscope (Zeiss LSM 710, Carl Zeiss Micro imaging GmbH, Germany) was used to visualize dough sample microstructure. Starch granules were identified by simple polarized light .The excitation wavelengths of the QDs were 405 nm for the reflection and 615 nm for the fluoresce... ...mages of are illustrated in figure for†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. The results showed that antibody-quantum dots conjugates successfully diffused into the 3D matrix and were bound to gliadins. Distribution and location of gliadin at different focal planes in each section were found to show similar patterns for a given mixing time. Gliadins were evenly dispersed in dough sections and typically localized in the center of the sections. This supports the observation and hypothesis that the mobility of gliadin due to its lower viscosity enables gliadin to diffuse to the inner sections of the dough along with all other parts of the sample. Intensities of gliadins at top and bottom stacks were relatively low compared to ones located at center. It might be because of optical sectioning of starch molecules found at top and bottom surfaces of sections play a dominant part in the imaging process.

Copyright Law Case Study

Music Business Music Technology & Production Year 3 K00121700 Case Study Ronan Mitchell Abstract Copyright Law is an important entity within the music industry. It protects the owner of authorship from infringement. Infringement arises when the copyright owner’s work is used without their consent. Although sounds cannot be copyrighted, some cases have shown that the argument of copyrighting one’s voice can sometimes hold weight in a court of law. Singer Tom Waits sued snack manufacturer Frito Lay for hiring a singer to impersonate him in an advert.Mr. Waits felt that his artistic copyright had been infringed upon. Frito Lay’s defense argued that a voice cannot be protected by copyright law as it is a sound and not a musical piece of work. They referred to a similar case involving Bette Midler in which she sued Ford motors for using an impersonator in a commercial to imitate her voice. Although Midler lost the case, it created ambiguity over the issue of an artist ’s right their voice, if they believe it to be distinctive. Tom Waits, unlike Bette Midler, won the lawsuit and earned him $2. 6 million.This case served to highlight the complexities involved with advertising agencies using, not only an artist’s work, but also their identity. Introduction The music industry is notoriously rife with legal disputes. Many of these are due to infringement of copyright. A grey area arises, however, when it comes to advertising. In a lot of cases, an artist will gladly accept royalties and/or remuneration to have their song featured in an advertisement. But in certain instances, artists will have strong opinions about having their music feature in an advertisement.When this happens, advertising companies who use this artist’s work can find themselves in the middle of an ugly legal dispute. This case study endeavors to discuss some of the legal complexities involved when advertising companies use an artist’s musical work. Sever al cases exist in the United States where advertising agencies ran into legal disputes over music featured in an ad, even when not infringing upon standard copyright laws. I have chosen two cases to cross examine to highlight certain legal problems that certain advertising companies face.The first case examined for this study is Tom Waits Vs Frito-Lay, Inc. In this case Tom Waits sued the Frito-Lay snack manufacturer and their advertising agency for voice misappropriation and false endorsement. Despite not infringing on any copyright laws, Waits won the case and was awarded $2. 6 million in compensatory damages, punitive damages and attorney’s fees. (Roesler, 1992). The second case examined in this study will look at is Bette Midler Vs Ford Motor Co. This case, which preceded Waits lawsuit, is almost identical in that Ford’s advertising agency, Young & Rubicam, Inc. hired an unknown singer to impersonate Midler on a version of her track â€Å"Do You Want To Dance†. (Lurie, 1994) Midler took legal action and sued Ford for $10 million, also citing voice misappropriation. Unlike Tom Waits case, US District Judge A. Wallace Tashima ruled against Midler, stating that the evidence presented wasn’t sufficient and that a voice is not a copyrightable entity (Los Angeles Times, 1989) Study To better understand the legalities that face companies in these instances, we must first develop a better understanding of what copyright law entails. In short, Copyright is a property right.It is a set of laws and regulations set in place to protect to form of expression of ideas. The ideas themselves cannot be protected by such laws. The idea must take on some tangible form, such as a recorded piece of music, a produced film, piece of art, etc. The owners of these rights are protected by copyright law from anyone who would copy their work and reproduce it for their own monetary gain without the owner’s express permission. It is the owner of the co pyright who may authorize the use of their work by another party, but only they only reserve the right to do this at their discretion. Neff, 2012) Naturally, as there are many different mediums for expressing ideas, copyright law is divided into many different subsections. This is to cover all vessels for creative expression. On a simple scale, copyright subsists in four sections; Music, Film and Broadcast, Literary Publication and Original Databases. The music subset consists of Musical, Literary, Dramatic or Artistic Works. The musical copyright covers works of music that do not contain words. How notes are arranged to form melodies, song structures and chord progressions are protected by this copyright.Certain musical elements are not protected by this. If a guitarist has particularly unique guitar tone, he cannot have this protect by a copyright. A specific tone is not a tangible musical work and therefore cannot be protected. However, if the same guitarist recorded an original piece of music with that guitar tone, this recording is now a tangible body of work and can be protected by musical copyright. It is the music itself that is protected. Not the sound. (Neff, 2012) This is a particularly interesting element of Tom Waits lawsuit against Frito-Lay.The defendants argued that the â€Å"voice misappropriation† case was invalid as one cannot own the rights to certain style of singing. (UMKC School of Law, n. d. ) Tom Waits is an American singer, songwriter, composer and actor. Almost as much for his music, he is renowned for his unique gravelly, guttural singing voice. His voice has been described as sounding like â€Å"like it was soaked in a vat of bourbon, left hanging in the smokehouse for a few months, and then taken outside and run over with a car. † (Graff, G & Durchholz, D 1998).Tracy-Locke, Frito Lay’s advertising agent, approached Tom Waits about using is his song â€Å"Step Right Up† in an advert for RioSalsa Doritos. They put together a version of the song which featured new lyrics relevant to the product and played this for Waits. Tom Waits refused outright as he is vehemently opposed using his music to sell products. It was interesting that they chose that particular song, as the lyrics are a satirical indictment of advertising. The song features advertising slogans used sarcastically to describe a product that supposedly does everything from â€Å"shine your car† to â€Å"make you six foot five, blonde and beautiful†. Jacobs, 2000) When he refused, the Tracy-Locke company then hired a singer to impersonate Tom Waits style of sing over a song that bared a lot of similarities the Waits â€Å"Step Right Up†. Tom Waits took legal action and sued for voice misappropriation and false endorsement. (Roesler, 1992) As the lyrics for the song were altered to suit the ad, Waits literary copyright was unaffected. The literary copyright pertains to a work of words which are written, spoken or sung. This work does not specifically need to be written down for the copyright to apply. A recording of such work holds he same right as literary work that is written or printed. Written musical notation also falls under this subsection regardless if it is written down, printed or recorded. (Neff, 2012) As for the musical rights to the song, it transpired that Tom Waits, despite having written the piece, did not have authorship of the copyright for â€Å"Step Right Up†. In normal circumstances, authorship of the copyright to a sound recording is held by the produce of said recording. In this case, the authorship fell to Fifth Floor Music run by Herb, Martin and Evan Cohen.Frito Lay had in fact obtained the synchronisation license from Fifth Floor Music. This licence enabled them to reproduce a new song extremely similar, albeit not identical, to â€Å"Step Right Up† to which the new jingle lyrics were added. Tom Waits was unaware of this so was unable to ste p in and terminate the dealings. Although, having no authorship of the copyright, it is questionable as to whether or not this would have had any sway in the proceedings at all. (Jacobs, 2000) Similarly, in Bette Midler’s case, like Waits, Midler was not the owner of the copyright.She did not write the song nor did she pen the lyrics. Ford Co. bought the rights the song â€Å"Do You Want To Dance† from the publishing company that had ownership over the copyright. This meant that Ford had no obligation to contact Bette Midler with regards to their intentions to use the song for their commercial. (Lurie, 1994) Since Midler had no ownership rights, the defense argued that her â€Å"voice misappropriation† was preempted by the copyright act. However, this was rejected as they found that copyright cannot be preempted if the subject matter â€Å"does not come within the subject matter of copyright†¦.. ncluding works or authorship not fixed in any tangible medium of expression. † (UMKC School of Law, n. d. ) It was decided that, since it was not possible to copyright a particular sound (like that of the guitar tone), the voice was not suitable copyright subject matter. Thus, copyright preemption did not apply. (UMKC School of Law, n. d. ) Although the court ruled in favor of the defendant, Midler’s case of â€Å"voice misappropriation† raised the question of a celebrity’s right to control over their identity, with respect to commercial use. This ambiguity was vital to the outcome of Waits lawsuit only three years later. Lurie, 1994) The copyright preemption issue in Midler’s case was referred to in Waits Vs Frito Lay. The defense requested that, since Tom Waits was not the lawful owner of the music copyright, the preemption of copyright law did not apply in this instance as it had with Midler. Waits case was not for infringement of a tangible copyrightable piece of work, but for infringement of voice. Again , voices are merely sounds; and sounds are not protected by copyright law. (UMKC School of Law, n. d. ) Despite this, the defense argued that, even though they had copied Waits musical style, they did not imitate his voice.This was found to be untrue, however. It transpired that Tracy-Locke’s executive producer was quite concerned with the legal implications of their singer’s striking similarity to Waits’ voice. He requested that they record another version of the jingle asking the singer to sing less like Waits. Unhappy with the result, Frito Lay insisted they use first version. (UMKC School of Law, n. d. ) On the day that the commercial was due to air, Tracy Locke’s managing vice president spoke with their attorney regarding what legal issues they might encounter.He was advised that there was a strong possibility of legal ramification due to recent case law that recognized a distinctive voice as protectable. However, as style was not protectable, their attorney informed them that the case might hold no merit. (UMKC School of Law, n. d. ) Despite the warning, Frito Lay chose the version that imitated Tom Waits’ distinctive voice. It was proposed that the jury be given a proposed instruction on the distinction between voice and style which read, â€Å"In contemporary music, there are a great many styles or â€Å"sounds,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Style is not subject to ownership.No singer can appropriate for himself any style and exclude others from performing in the same style. Any singer is free to sing in the same style. † (UMKC School of Law, n. d. ) This instruction was rejected by the district court. Given that there were a lot of similarities between this case and Midler’s â€Å"voice-misappropriation† case, the jury was asked to decide whether or not they found Waits’ style to be distinctive. The defense argued that the omitted instruction was an error in judgment as this then left the jury unc lear as to what the distinction was between voice and style. (UMKC School of Law, n. d. Waits argued that although no copyright infringement had occurred, he felt his artistic integrity had been compromised. It was put forth that anyone had heard the advertisement would automatically assume that it was Waits singing. Waits has strongly spoken out about artists taking money to allow their music to be used to sell product. He felt that, as the Doritos advertisement jingle sounded identical to his voice and musical style, that his fans would assume he participated in the advertisement and had willing endorsed the product. This, he asserted, was damaging to his reputation and his career as an artist. UMKC School of Law, n. d. ) The jury then listened to several of Tom Waits songs to determine both his musical and vocal style. The court then played them the Doritos advertisement in question for comparison. To convince them further, Waits attorneys had them hear testimonies from people wh o had in fact thought that it was Waits in the advertisement. (Roesler, 1992) This argument was persuasive enough to sway the jury. They were convinced when they heard to advertisement and the testimonies that, despite the fact that no copyrightable material had been infringed upon, Waits’ artistic integrity had been compromised.The jury found that the defendants had â€Å"acted with oppression, fraud or malice† (Roesler, 1992, p. 15). Tom Waits was awarded 2. 6 million dollars in compensatory damages and attorney’s fees. Conclusion In conclusion, we can see from the above cases that copyright is a bastion for musical artists. They help to protect an artist’s right to their work and a right to their form of expression from being exploited by large companies and advertising agencies who can sometimes try to profit from their work.Although, as they are vital to protecting an artist’s creative work, we can also seen from the cases studied that they ca n protect much more than that. Technically, in the eyes of the law, only a tangible body of work can by protected by these rights. However, as this study has shown, in certain rare cases, these rights can be manipulated to encompass, not only an artist’s work, but their identity, persona and artistic integrity when exploited.As made evident by the unusual Tom Waits lawsuit, it seems that advertising companies in particular must wade carefully when wishing to use unlicensed music for commercials. As their sole intention is for making money, they can be looked at very callously by court jury. Thus, certain unscrupulous can land in a lot of trouble despite not infringing on a copyrighted piece of work. Although situations such as this are quite unusual, they highlight the importance of copyright law within the music industry. References Graff, G & Durchholz, D 1998, Musichound Rock: The Essential Album Guide. Visible Ink, Detroit * Jacobs, J. A 2000, â€Å"Copyright: Tom waits Vs Frito Lay†, viewed 04 January 2013, < www. tomwaitsfan. com/tom%20waits%20library/www. tomwaitslibrary. com/copyright-fritolay. html> * Los Angeles Times (1989), Bette Midler Loses Ford Sound-Alike Lawsuit : Celebrity: $10-million suit over TV car commercial is dismissed but action against the ad agency is allowed to stand, viewed 06 January 2013, http://articles. atimes. com/1989-10-27/business/fi-901_1_bette-midler * Lurie, K. (1994) Waits v. Frito-Lay: The Song Remains the Same.. Cardozo Arts & Ent. LJ, 13, 187. , Available at: http://heinonline. org/HOL/LandingPage? collection=journals&handle=hein. journals/caelj13&div=26&id=&page= [Accessed: 6th January 2013]. * Neff, F. 2012, â€Å"Copyright and Related Rights Act 2000; Introduction to Copyright Overview And Originality in Copyright†, * Neff, F. 012, â€Å"Authorship and Ownership of Copyright; Copyright and Related Acts 2000 Sections 21 to 23†, * Roesler, M. (1992) Waits v. Frito Lay,. 978 F. 2d 1093 (9 th Cir. 1992), Available at: http://www. markroesler. com/pdf/caselaw/Waits%20v. %20Frito-Lay%20Inc. %20_1992_. pdf [Accessed: 6th January 2013] * University of Missouri Kanas City School of Law (1992) Waits v. Frito Lay, Inc. United States Court Of Appeals For The Ninth Circuit, Available at: http://law2. umkc. edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/communications/waits. html [Accessed: 4th January 2013].

Discuss the theme of love in Shakespeares Romeo Juliet Essays

Discuss the theme of love in Shakespeares Romeo Juliet Essays Discuss the theme of love in Shakespeares Romeo Juliet Paper Discuss the theme of love in Shakespeares Romeo Juliet Paper Introduction: In the introduction of my essay I am to explain why Romeo and Juliet is seen as the most famous love story ever told, I shall include some of the adaptations that I know of. Romeo and Juliet is the story of two lovers, who were secretly married and tragically separated; and it involves a deadly potion whose effects when taken by a broken hearted Juliet simulate her death. It is the most famous love story ever told because, the power of this love story says something to each and every generation, a story that will never date or die a timeless piece. Its brilliantly theatrical and features some of the most beautiful poetry ever written. The story also contains many different themes, the bitter family rivalries which creates the theme of war, theirs unsympathetic elders whos authority and advice is neglected by the unfortunate lovers. Many of us can reflect some old enough to see the events in perspectives and some of us young enough to understand the conflict that can arise from others trying to live our lives. The chorus is not a significant character of the play, his job is to basically to introduce the restless audience to the manner and mood of the play, The chorus to Shakespeare would of acted as a modern day programme, it helps to give a brief insight into the play and it also leads us into the civil war between the two noble families. The Elizabethan audience would most probably see the chorus as a type of narrator and once he starts to speak it would grab there attention and bring the restless crowd to silence they would then settle into the appropriate mood for the first scene. After the fight scene we are lead to the second part of Act 1 Sc1 here we learn that Romeo is miserable due to his love-sickness. Romeo is a were of some kind of disturbance in the streets, but he is so infatuated with the emotion called love that he is far from concerned his thoughts are preoccupied with Rosaline. Thinking about love makes him happy and at the same time it makes him sad. He tries to express these two very different states in a number of contradicting phrases which seem illogical for instants; (Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health(. Juliet and her Nurse share a very strong relationship, one that surpasses that of a rich girl and her servant. The nurse acts as Juliets closes companion (friend) and mother. Juliet is comfortable and at ease speaking to the Nurse, This allows Juliet to take her into her confidence when she decides to defy the family feud and marry Romeo. The Nurse holds Juliets happiness so high that she betrays her employer and arranges Juliets marriage and last night with Romeo. The Nurse is immersed in Juliets affairs and strives to help with her plans, this is something that Juliets mother (Lady Capulet) would never be able to do! Over all I would say that the Nurse has a better relationship with Juliet than her own mother. The nurse is also instrumental when it comes to Juliets wedding to Romeo she acts as a messenger from Romeo, Juliet, and the friar. Despite the nurses efforts the plans go array because of the arranged marriage between Juliet and Paris. At this time, the nurse shows her love for Juliet once again. She goes to Juliets defence and stands up to Lord Capulet by saying: God in heaven bless her! You are to blame, my lord, to rate her so. (Act III, Scene 5, Line169-170). One is easily able to see the motherly care the nurse shows for Juliet. Once the Nurse has heard of the arranged marriage to Paris she offers no comfort to Juliet, this is usually because she has always been there for Juliet. Because of the grief from the previous day the Nurse is only thinking of the most practical way of getting out of all the difficulties. No one knows about the marriage to Romeo; he is now banished and will never dare to return to Verona and claim Juliet as his wife. It would be so easy if Juliet were to forget about Romeo, and marry Paris who is seen as a lovely gentleman, from now onwards Juliet is all alone. In this part of the essay we are to assess the love between Romeo Juliet. Firstly I shall be comparing his love for rosaline to his love for Juliet. Before Act 1 Sc 5, Romeo was infatuated with his passion for Rosaline, this imaginary emotion was the one that made him feel ill, he worshipped her as a goddess, probably because he had nothing better to do. Once Romeo has met Juliet those feelings are quickly transferred. Personally there doesnt seem to be much difference between this love, and the emotions he pretended to feel for Rosaline. Secondly I shall comment on the poetry in Act 1 Sc 5 which helps Romeo to express his love for Juliet. Romeo starts with a sincere religious statement: If I profane with my unworthiness hand, This holy shrine. He then further develops the religious image with the following four lines which rhyme alternately (ABAB), then Juliet picks up the same image, speaking the next four lines in the same pattern (with rhyme CBCB). A final couplet is spoken by both of them, the first line by Juliet, the second by Romeo, who takes advantage to kiss his new love. Then moves not, while my prayers effect I take. These fourteen lines are in fact a sonnet. Thirdly, I shall comment on the balcony scene in Act 2 Sc 2 and their plans to marry. The balcony scene is the most valuable scene illustrating the language of love, Throughout the second scene of Act II, Romeo uses beautiful metaphors and similes to express his affection for Juliet: O, speak again bright angel, for thou art as glorious to this night, being oer my head as is a winged messenger of heaven. (II. II, 28-30. ) This passage is used to compare Juliet to an angel, something that is universally held as sacred and lovely. Elsewhere in the scene there are lines that describe their love for one another, and add to the romantic theme of the scene: And but thou love me, let them find me here. My life better ended by their hate the death prorogued, wanting of thy love (II. II, 76-78. ) In the concluding part of the essay we are to discuss all the evidence of love within the play. Love obviously plays an important role throughout the play, one can analyse the different types of love that Shakespeare explores. The first mention of love in the play is contained within the first act between the first two characters that the audience is introduced to, Sampson and Gregory. They are vulgar and crude, making a number of sexual references. They do not see love as involving emotions or desires, but as a purely physical thing, sexual not emotional. Sampson refers to women as weaker vessels and tells of how he will rape the maids of the Montague household; Women being the weaker vessels are ever thrust to the wall, I will push Montagues men from the wall, and thrust his maids to the wall. Both Sampson and Gregory have petty and narrow perceptions of love. Neither of them appears to have ever experienced true love. They talk in a crude and coarse manner, brag about their own attributes and see women as objects not people. They are typical of yobs in society today, the type of people who fight because they think they should because society expects them to or because of feuding that spans generations. Paris is the man whom Capulet wants Juliet to marry. Paris explains his feelings for Juliet to Capulet. It seems that Paris does love Juliet because when Romeo kills him he asks to be put in her tomb, If thou be merciful, Open the tomb, lay me with Juliet. He has genuine emotions for Juliet and is devastated when she dies, Beguiled, divorced, wronged, spited, slain! Most detestable Death, by thee beguiled, by cruel, cruel thee quite overthrown! O love! O life! Not life, but love in death! Paris is a good man who would be kind to Juliet but she does not love him. These sum up all the themes of love within the play.

Unequality Towards Women essays

Unequality Towards Women essays It ¡Ã‚ ¯s been over thousands of times to pick up this topic and talk about women ¡Ã‚ ¯ We all think that women ¡Ã‚ ¯s winning the rights to work is a bid step for their liberation. True, but does it mean the relief to women ¡Ã‚ ¯s burden in this despera te society? Nowadays, we can see that the employers are still in favor of the ma le job-hunters, while on contrary, some women with intelligent and talent cannot find a job suits to their abilities. Unfairness does not only exist in job-hunt ing, but in working as well. It ¡Ã‚ ¯s not a secret that a man can be promoted to a high position more easily than a woman. Besides, a male employer can always get higher salary than a female employer in the same position. In that sense, the so -called  ¡Ã‚ °equality ¡ is no more than a token gesture, a public sop to relieve ma le guilt and detract from the real issues ¡the inequality which exist and will c Women are being got at by the mounted propaganda in the name of liberation. Th e propagandists take the tiny elite group of women such as Margaret Thatcher, Zh ang Haidi, etc. as the examples for all the women in this modern society. But on e bright female star does not mean that the rest of womankind suddenly takes on a new and glorious look. Some women feel miserable and inadequate for not taking the images they are supposed to take, not reaching the goal they are supposed t o reach. A young mother says she feels guilty because all she does with her life is stay home, look after children, and try to make the place comfortable for he r husband when he comes back at night. A workingwoman feels guilty because she h as no ambition to be the boss, but only to take home enough to pay the daily lif e expenditures. The propaganda has put too much pressure on women. And by trying to live up to it, women have to take on more than they can cope with and more t ...

Leading Causes of Homelessness by State in the USA Statistics Project

Leading Causes of Homelessness by State in the USA - Statistics Project Example From the results, we obtain that the leading cause of homelessness is unemployment among the people, Unemployment, saving, inflation, Below_povert, state population, homelessness population, AA- housing, home percent. The study will review statistics from the last 34 years leading cause of homelessness by state in the USA starting 1980 to 2013.The primary independent variable is labor force and the other three independent variables Unemployment, saving, inflation, Below_povert, state population, homelessness population, AA- housing, home percent. In this study these variables will be explored and the correlation between the dependent variable, homelessness, which is determined by the independent variables, will be studied. There seems to be two groups of academic researchers, in which one continues to support the high-selling prices of the houses in USA and its positive impact to the economy, they believe that the main purposes of investment in real estate business is to improve real economic value. It is also agreed that housing leads to improvement in productivity, innovation, and job creation in every field of economy (Kraemer and Dedrick 1996). The other group criticizes the bad impact of hig h-selling prices of the houses on economy and the fact that high-selling prices lead to the development of low house quality leading to the development of slums around the big cities and towns (Hollenstein, 2004). As all this is being said, only little is currently known, for instance, about the real factors that lead to high selling prices of the houses (Lepak and Snell, 1998). So to support other studies regarding the pros and cons of selling prices of the houses, this research will provide an adequate survey to see which overcomes which, pros or cons. The Dependent variable, homelessness, is defined as mentioned above,

Design a bioreactor that can replicate the in vivo loading conditions Essay

Design a bioreactor that can replicate the in vivo loading conditions experienced by bone cells in the body - Essay Example It is followed by the dedifferentiation of the cells. This process produces only a minimal concentration of the cells. Hence the use of micro carrier cultures is done for the well-mixed bioreactor systems. The defects in the skeleton system are a big impediment to the normal functioning of the human system. The autogenous bone transplantation is practiced for the bone replacement so far. (Schieker, 2006).This method has increased risk of surgery and post operative morbidality to the patients. This method also has the disadvantage of limited quantity and the secondary operational procedure costs. The calcium phosphate ceramics is widely used for the production of the bone supplement. The hydroxyapatites of the calcium phosphate ceramics have considerable clinical use because of their chemical and relvant crystallographic structures to bone. The cell based therapy aims at developing the 3D biohybrid structure of a scaffold and cultured cells. The bioreactors that are established for th e microbes and mammalian cultures are not suitable for the 3D structure constructs. Hence the need for a tissue specific bioreactor design arose. To restore back the skeleton function, the bone tissue engineering is used. The production of tissue engineered piece of spongy bone is one of the challenging fields in bone tissue engineering. The three key elements of bone tissue engineering are osteogenic progenitor cells, osteoinductive growth factors and osteoconductive matrices. Osteoblasts are the differentiated cells that arise from the osteoprogenitor cells. These cells are very mobile and they change the shape and size according to the matrix of the bone. These cells appear with in the vascular tissue. These cells are responsible for the synthesis and the secretion of the organic matrix of the bone. Bone remodeling and the bone reformation are the two types of the tissue engineering processes that can are possible with the osteoblast cells.